Reversibility in the diffeomorphism group of the real line

Abstract: An element of a group is said to be reversible if it is conjugate to its inverse. We characterise the reversible elements in the group of diffeomorphisms of the real line, and in the subgroup of order preserving diffeomorphisms.


Random Forests: some methodological insights

Abstract: This paper examines from an experimental perspective random forests, the increasingly used statistical method for classification and regression problems introduced by Leo Breiman in 2001. It first aims at confirming, known but sparse, advice for using random forests and at proposing some complementary remarks for both standard problems as well as high dimensional ones for which the number of variables hugely exceeds the sample size. But the main contribution of this paper is twofold: to provide some insights about the behavior of the variable importance index based on random forests and in addition, to propose to investigate two classical issues of variable selection. The first one is to find important variables for interpretation and the second one is more restrictive and try to design a good prediction model. The strategy involves a ranking of explanatory variables using the random forests score of importance and a stepwise ascending variable introduction strategy.


High-dimensional covariance estimation by minimizing $\ell_1$-penalized log-determinant divergence

Abstract: Given i.i.d. observations of a random vector $X \in \mathbb{R}^p$, we study the problem of estimating both its covariance matrix $\Sigma^*$, and its inverse covariance or concentration matrix {$\Theta^* = (\Sigma^*)^{-1}$.} We estimate $\Theta^*$ by minimizing an $\ell_1$-penalized log-determinant Bregman divergence; in the multivariate Gaussian case, this approach corresponds to $\ell_1$-penalized maximum likelihood, and the structure of $\Theta^*$ is specified by the graph of an associated Gaussian Markov random field. We analyze the performance of this estimator under high-dimensional scaling, in which the number of nodes in the graph $p$, the number of edges $s$ and the maximum node degree $d$, are allowed to grow as a function of the sample size $n$. In addition to the parameters $(p,s,d)$, our analysis identifies other key quantities covariance matrix $\Sigma^*$; and (b) the $\ell_\infty$ operator norm of the sub-matrix $\Gamma^*_{S S}$, where $S$ indexes the graph edges, and $\Gamma^* = (\Theta^*)^{-1} \otimes (\Theta^*)^{-1}$; and (c) a mutual incoherence or irrepresentability measure on the matrix $\Gamma^*$ and (d) the rate of decay $1/f(n,\delta)$ on the probabilities $ \{|\hat{\Sigma}^n_{ij}- \Sigma^*_{ij}| > \delta \}$, where $\hat{\Sigma}^n$ is the sample covariance based on $n$ samples. Our first result establishes consistency of our estimate $\hat{\Theta}$ in the elementwise maximum-norm. This in turn allows us to derive convergence rates in Frobenius and spectral norms, with improvements upon existing results for graphs with maximum node degrees $d = o(\sqrt{s})$. In our second result, we show that with probability converging to one, the estimate $\hat{\Theta}$ correctly specifies the zero pattern of the concentration matrix $\Theta^*$.


Zero-state Markov switching count-data models: an empirical assessment

Abstract: In this study, a two-state Markov switching count-data model is proposed as an alternative to zero-inflated models to account for the preponderance of zeros sometimes observed in transportation count data, such as the number of accidents occurring on a roadway segment over some period of time. For this accident-frequency case, zero-inflated models assume the existence of two states: one of the states is a zero-accident count state, in which accident probabilities are so low that they cannot be statistically distinguished from zero, and the other state is a normal count state, in which counts can be non-negative integers that are generated by some counting process, for example, a Poisson or negative binomial. In contrast to zero-inflated models, Markov switching models allow specific roadway segments to switch between the two states over time. An important advantage of this Markov switching approach is that it allows for the direct statistical estimation of the specific roadway-segment state (i.e., zero or count state) whereas traditional zero-inflated models do not. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, a two-state Markov switching negative binomial model (estimated with Bayesian inference) and standard zero-inflated negative binomial models are estimated using five-year accident frequencies on Indiana interstate highway segments. It is shown that the Markov switching model is a viable alternative and results in a superior statistical fit relative to the zero-inflated models.


Markov switching multinomial logit model: an application to accident injury severities

Abstract: In this study, two-state Markov switching multinomial logit models are proposed for statistical modeling of accident injury severities. These models assume Markov switching in time between two unobserved states of roadway safety. The states are distinct, in the sense that in different states accident severity outcomes are generated by separate multinomial logit processes. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach presented herein, two-state Markov switching multinomial logit models are estimated for severity outcomes of accidents occurring on Indiana roads over a four-year time interval. Bayesian inference methods and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations are used for model estimation. The estimated Markov switching models result in a superior statistical fit relative to the standard (single-state) multinomial logit models. It is found that the more frequent state of roadway safety is correlated with better weather conditions. The less frequent state is found to be correlated with adverse weather conditions.


Traces of high powers of the Frobenius class in the hyperelliptic ensemble

Abstract: The zeta function of a curve over a finite field may be expressed in terms of the characteristic polynomial of a unitary symplectic matrix, called the Frobenius class of the curve. We compute the expected value of the trace of the n-th power of the Frobenius class for an ensemble of hyperelliptic curves of genus g over a fixed finite field in the limit of large genus, and compare the results to the corresponding averages over the unitary symplectic group USp(2g). We are able to compute the averages for powers n almost up to 4g, finding agreement with the Random Matrix results except for small n and for n=2g. As an application we compute the one-level density of zeros of the zeta function of the curves, including lower-order terms, for test functions whose Fourier transform is supported in (-2,2). The results confirm in part a conjecture of Katz and Sarnak, that to leading order the low-lying zeros for this ensemble have symplectic statistics.


Isoperimetric problems on time scales with nabla derivatives

Abstract: We prove a necessary optimality condition for isoperimetric problems under nabla-differentiable curves. As a consequence, the recent results of [M.R. Caputo, A unified view of ostensibly disparate isoperimetric variational problems, Appl. Math. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.aml.2008.04.004], that put together seemingly dissimilar optimal control problems in economics and physics, are extended to a generic time scale. We end with an illustrative example of application of our main result to a dynamic optimization problem from economics.


Polynomial Coefficient Enumeration

Abstract: Let $f(x_1,...,x_k)$ be a polynomial over a field $K$. This paper considers such questions as the enumeration of the number of nonzero coefficients of $f$ or of the number of coefficients equal to $\alpha\in K^*$. For instance, if $K=\ff_q$ then a matrix formula is obtained for the number of coefficients of $f^n$ that are equal to $\alpha\in \ff_q^*$, as a function of $n$. Many additional results are obtained related to such areas as lattice path enumeration and the enumeration of integer points in convex polytopes.


A generalization of the Strong Castelnuovo Lemma

Abstract: We consider a set $X$ of distinct points in the $n$-dimensional projective space over an algebraically closed field $k$. Let $A$ denote the coordinate ring of $X$, and let $a_i(X)=\dim_k [{\rm Tor}_i^R(A,k)]_{i+1}$. Green's Strong Castelnuovo Lemma (SCL) shows that if the points are in general position, then $a_{n-1}(X)\neq 0$ if and only if the points are on a rational normal curve. Cavaliere, Rossi and Valla conjectured that if the points are not necessarily in general position the possible extension of the SCL should be the following: $a_{n-1}(X)\neq 0$ if and only if either the points are on a rational normal curve or in the union of two linear subspaces whose dimensions add up to $n$. In this work we prove the conjecture.


Weakly infinite dimensional subsets of R^N

Abstract: The Continuum Hypothesis implies an Erd\"os-Sierpi\'nski like duality between the ideal of first category subsets of $\reals^{\naturals}$, and the ideal of countable dimensional subsets of $\reals^{\naturals}$. The algebraic sum of a Hurewicz subset - a dimension theoretic analogue of Sierpinski sets and Lusin sets - of $\reals^{\naturals}$ with any compactly countable dimensional subset of $\reals^{\naturals}$ has first category.


On a Diophantine problem with two primes and s powers of two

Abstract: We refine a recent result of Parsell on the values of the form $\lambda_1p_1 + \lambda_2p_2 + \mu_1 2^{m_1} + ...m + \mu_s 2^{m_s}, $ where $p_1,p_2$ are prime numbers, $m_1,...c, m_s$ are positive integers, $\lambda_1 / \lambda_2$ is negative and irrational and $\lambda_1 / \mu_1$, $\lambda_2/\mu_2 \in \Q$.


Dynamics of postcritically bounded polynomial semigroups I: connected components of the Julia sets

Abstract: We investigate the dynamics of semigroups generated by a family of polynomial maps on the Riemann sphere such that the postcritical set in the complex plane is bounded. The Julia set of such a semigroup may not be connected in general. We show that for such a polynomial semigroup, if $A$ and $B$ are two connected components of the Julia set, then one of $A$ and $B$ surrounds the other. From this, it is shown that each connected component of the Fatou set is either simply or doubly connected. Moreover, we show that the Julia set of such a semigroup is uniformly perfect. An upper estimate of the cardinality of the set of all connected components of the Julia set of such a semigroup is given. By using this, we give a criterion for the Julia set to be connected. Moreover, we show that for any $n\in \Bbb{N} \cup \{\aleph_{0}\} ,$ there exists a finitely generated polynomial semigroup with bounded planar postcritical set such that the cardinality of the set of all connected components of the Julia set is equal to $n.$ Many new phenomena of polynomial semigroups that do not occur in the usual dynamics of polynomials are found and systematically investigated.


A characteristic subgroup for fusion systems

Abstract: As a counterpart for the prime 2 to Glauberman's $ZJ$-theorem, Stellmacher proves that any nontrivial 2-group $S$ has a nontrivial characteristic subgroup $W(S)$ with the following property. For any finite $\Sigma_4$-free group $G$, with $S$ a Sylow 2-subgroup of $G$ and with $O_2(G)$ self-centralizing, the subgroup $W(S)$ is normal in $G$. We generalize Stellmacher's result to fusion systems. A similar construction of $W(S)$ can be done for odd primes and gives rise to a Glauberman functor.


A $\mathbb{Z}$-basis for the cluster algebra associated to an affine quiver

Abstract: The canonical bases of cluster algebras of finite types and rank 2 are given explicitly in \cite{CK2005} and \cite{SZ} respectively. In this paper, we will deduce $\mathbb{Z}$-bases for cluster algebras for affine types $\widetilde{A}_{n,n},\widetilde{D}$ and $\widetilde{E}$. Moreover, we give an inductive formula for computing the multiplication between two generalized cluster variables associated to objects in a tube.


Spherical Averaged Endpoint Strichartz Estimates for The Two-dimensional Schrodinger Equations with Inverse Square Potential

Abstract: The endpoint Strichartz estimates for two-dimensional Schrodinger equations were recovered by averaging the solutions in L^2 in the angular variable by Tao. For Schrodinger equations with defocusing inverse square potential, we proved that the homogeneous endpoint estimates hold under this setting. In particular, the original versions of endpoint estimates hold for radial data.


Extended Crystal PDE's

Abstract: In this paper we show that between PDE's and crystallographic groups there is an unforeseen relation. In fact we prove that integral bordism groups of PDE's can be considered extensions of crystallographic subgroups. In this respect we can consider PDE's as {\em extended crystals}. Then an algebraic-topological obstruction ({\em crystal obstruction}), characterizing existence of global smooth solutions for smooth boundary value problems, is obtained. Applications of this new theory to the Ricci-flow equation and Navier-Stokes equation are given that solve some well-known fundamental problems. These results, are also extended to singular PDE's, introducing ({\em extended crystal singular PDE's}). An application to singular MHD-PDE's, is given following some our previous results on such equations, and showing existence of (finite times stable smooth) global solutions crossing critical nuclear energy production zone.


Predictability in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems with Model Uncertainty

Abstract: Nonlinear systems with model uncertainty are often described by stochastic differential equations. Some techniques from random dynamical systems are discussed. They are relevant to better understanding of solution processes of stochastic differential equations and thus may shed lights on predictability in nonlinear systems with model uncertainty.


Stochastic Modeling of Unresolved Scales in Complex Systems

Abstract: Model uncertainties and simulation uncertainties occur in mathematical modeling of multiscale complex systems, since some mechanisms or scales are not represented (i.e., "unresolved") due to lack in our understanding of these mechanisms or limitations in computational power. The impact of these unresolved scales on the resolved scales needs to be parameterized or taken into account. A stochastic scheme is devised to take the effects of unresolved scales into account, in the context of solving nonlinear partial differential equations. An example is presented to demonstrate this strategy.


Symmetric matrices related to the Mertens function

Abstract: In this paper we explore a family of congruences over $\N^\ast$ from which one builds a sequence of symmetric matrices related to the Mertens function. From the results of numerical experiments, we formulate a conjecture about the growth of the quadratic norm of these matrices, which implies the Riemann hypothesis. This suggests that matrix analysis methods may come to play a more important role in this classical and difficult problem.


Pseudo-euclidean Jordan algebras

Abstract: A Jordan algebra J is said to be pseudo-euclidean if J is endowed with an associative non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form B. B is said an associative scalar product on J. First, we provide a description of the pseudo-euclidean Jordan K-algebras in terms of double extensions and generalized double extensions. In particular, we shall use this description to construct all pseudo-euclidean Jordan algebras of dimension less than or equal to 5. And then, from one of these algebras, we shall construct a twelve dimension Lie algebra by the "TKK" construction. Second, a description of symplectic pseudo-euclidean Jordan algebras is provided and finally we describe a particular class of these algebras namely the class of symplectic Jordan-Manin Algebras. In addition to these descriptions, this paper demonstrates that these last two classes are identical and provides several information on the structure of pseudo-euclidean Jordan algebras.


Ergodic seminorms for commuting transformations and applications

Abstract: Recently, T. Tao gave a finitary proof a convergence theorem for multiple averages with several commuting transformations and soon later, T. Austin gave an ergodic proof of the same result. Although we give here one more proof of the same theorem, this is not the main goal of this paper. Our main concern is to provide some tools for the case of several commuting transformations, similar to the tools successfully used in the case of a single transformation, with the idea that they will be useful in the solution of other problems.


Parametric estimation and tests through divergences and duality technique

Abstract: We introduce estimation and test procedures through divergence optimization for discrete or continuous parametric models. This approach is based on a new dual representation for divergences. We treat point estimation and tests for simple and composite hypotheses, extending maximum likelihood technique. An other view at the maximum likelihood approach, for estimation and test, is given. We prove existence and consistency of the proposed estimates. The limit laws of the estimates and test statistics (including the generalized likelihood ratio one) are given both under the null and the alternative hypotheses, and approximation of the power functions is deduced. A new procedure of construction of confidence regions, when the parameter may be a boundary value of the parameter space, is proposed. Also, a solution to the irregularity problem of the generalized likelihood ratio test pertaining to the number of components in a mixture is given, and a new test is proposed, based on $\chi ^{2}$-divergence on signed finite measures and duality technique.


A simple intrinsic reduced-observer for geodesic flow

Abstract: Aghannan and Rouchon proposed a new design method of asymptotic observers for a class of nonlinear mechanical systems: Lagrangian systems with configuration (position) measurements. The observer is based on the Riemannian structure of the configuration manifold endowed with the kinetic energy metric and is intrinsic. They proved local convergence. When the system is conservative, we propose a globally convergent intrinsic reduced-observer based on the Jacobi metric. For non-conservative systems the observer can be used as a complement to the one of Aghannan and Rouchon. More generally the reduced-observer provides velocity estimation for geodesic flow with position measurements. Thus it can be (formally) used as a fluid flow soft sensor in the case of a perfect incompressible fluid. When the curvature is negative in all planes the geodesic flow is sensitive to initial conditions. Surprisingly this instability yields faster convergence.


Existence of natural and conformally invariant quantizations of arbitrary symbols

Abstract: A quantization over a manifold can be seen as a way to construct a differential operator with prescribed principal symbol. The quantization map is moreover required to be a linear bijection. It is known that there is in general no natural quantization procedure. However, considering manifolds endowed with additional structures, such as projective or pseudo-conformal structures, one can seek for quantizations that depend on this additional structure and that are natural if the dependence with respect to the structure is taken into account. The question of existence of such a quantization was addressed in a series of papers in the context of projective geometry, using the framework of Thomas-Whitehead connections (see Bordemann, Hansoul and Fox). Recently, we recovered these existence results, using the theory of Cartan projective connections. In the present work, we show that our method can be adapted to pseudo-conformal geometry to yield the so-called natural and conformally invariant quantization for arbitrary symbols, still outside some critical situations. Our method is general enough to analyze the problem of invariant quantizations in the context of manifolds with irreducible parabolic geometries.


Deformations of symplectic vortices

Abstract: We prove a gluing theorem for a symplectic vortex on a compact complex curve and a collection of holomorphic sphere bubbles. Using the theorem we show that the moduli space of regular stable symplectic vortices on a fixed curve with varying markings has the structure of a stratified-smooth topological orbifold. In addition, we show that the moduli space has a non-canonical $C^1$-orbifold structure.


Coisotropic Submanifolds, Leafwise Fixed Points, and Presymplectic Embeddings

Abstract: Let $(M,\omega)$ be a geometrically bounded symplectic manifold, $N\subseteq M$ a closed, regular (i.e. "fibering") coisotropic submanifold, and $\phi:M\to M$ a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism. The main result of this article is that the number of leafwise fixed points of $\phi$ is bounded below by the sum of the $Z_2$-Betti numbers of $N$, provided that the Hofer distance between $\phi$ and the identity is small enough and the pair $(N,\phi)$ is non-degenerate. The bound is optimal if there exists a $Z_2$-perfect Morse function on $N$. A version of the Arnol'd-Givental conjecture for coisotropic submanifolds is also discussed. As an application, I prove a presymplectic non-embedding result.


The Torsion of Homology Groups of M(E,I)-sets

Abstract: We consider the torsion of homology groups of right pointed sets over a partially commutative monoid M(E,I)


Configuration space integrals for embedding spaces and the Haefliger invariant

Abstract: Let K be the space of long j-knots in R^n. In this paper we introduce a graph complex D and a linear map I from D to the de Rham complex of K via configuration space integral, and prove that (1) when both n>j>=3 are odd, the map I is a cochain map if restricted to graphs with at most one loop component, (2) when n-j>=2 is even, the map I is a cochain map if restricted to tree graphs, and (3) when n-j >=3 is odd, the map I added a correction term produces a (2n-3j-3)-cocycle of K which gives a new formulation of the Haefliger invariant when n=6k, j=4k-1 for some k.


Distinction of some induced representations

Abstract: Let $K/F$ be a quadratic extension of $p$-adic fields, $\sigma$ the nontrivial element of the Galois group of $K$ over $F$, and $\pi$ a quasi-square-integrable representation of $GL(n,K)$. Denoting by $\pi^{\vee}$ the smooth contragredient of $\pi$, and by $\pi^{\sigma}$ the representation $\pi\circ \sigma$, we show that the representation of $GL(2n, K)$ obtained by normalized parabolic induction of the representation $\pi^\vee \otimes \pi^\sigma$ is distinguished with respect to $GL(2n,F)$. This is a step towards the classification of distinguished generic representations of general linear groups over $p$-adic fields.


On an inequality related to the radial growth of subharmonic functions

Abstract: It is a classical result that every subharmonic function, defined and ${\mathcal{L}}^p$-integrable for some $p$, $0<p<+\infty$, on the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ of the complex plane ${\mathbb{C}}$ is for almost all $\theta$ of the form $o((1-| z|)^{-1/p})$, uniformly as $z\to e^{i\theta}$ in any Stolz domain. Recently Pavlovi\'c gave a related integral inequality for absolute values of harmonic functions, also defined on the unit disk in the complex plane. We generalize Pavlovi\'c's result to so called quasi-nearly subharmonic functions defined on rather general domains in ${\mathbb {R}}^n$, $n\geq 2$.


On normal Hopf subalgebras of semisimple Hopf algebras

Abstract: A criterion for subcoalgebras to be invariant under the adjoint action is given generalizing Masuoka's criterion for normal Hopf subalgebras. At the level of characters, the image of the induction functor from a normal Hopf subalgebra is isomorphic to the image of the restriction functor.


An explicit d-bar-integration formula for weighted homogeneous varieties II: forms of higher degree

Abstract: Let Y be a weighted homogeneous (singular) subvariety of C^n. The main objective of this paper is to present a class of explicit integral formulae for solving the d-bar-equation $\omega=\dbar\lambda$ on the regular part of Y, where $\omega$ is a d-bar-closed (0,q)-form with compact support and degree q>=1. Particular cases of these formulae yield L^p-bounded solution operators for $1<=p<=\infty$ if Y is a homogeneous and pure dimensional subvariety with an arbitrary singular locus.


A note on a composition of two random integral mappings $\J^\be$ and some examples

Abstract: A method of random integral representation, that is, a method of representing a given probability measure as the probability distribution of some random integral, was quite successful in the past few decades. In this note we show that a composition of two random integral mappings $\J^\be$ is again a random integral mapping. We illustrate our results on some examples.


A calculus on L\'evy exponents and selfdecomposability on Banach spaces

Abstract: In infinite dimensional Banach spaces there is no complete characterization of the L\'evy exponents of infinitely divisible probability measures. Here we propose \emph{a calculus on L\'evy exponents} that is derived from some random integrals. As a consequence we prove that \emph{each} selfdecomposable measure can by factorized as another selfdecomposable measure and its background driving measure that is s-selfdecomposable. This complements a result from the paper of Iksanov-Jurek-Schreiber in the Annals of Probability \textbf{32}, 2004.}


Exact properties of Frobenius numbers and fraction of the symmetric semigroups in the weak limit for n=3

Abstract: We generalize and prove a hypothesis by V. Arnold on the parity of Frobenius number. For the case of symmetric semigroups with three generators of Frobenius numbers we found an exact formula, which in a sense is the sum of two Sylvester's formulaes. We prove that the fraction of the symmetric semigroups is vanishing in the weak limit.


Limit theorems for p-variations of solutions of SDEs driven by additive non-Gaussian stable Levy noise

Abstract: In this paper we study the asymptotic properties of the power variations of stochastic processes of the type X=Y+L, where L is an alpha-stable Levy process, and Y a perturbation which satisfies some mild Lipschitz continuity assumptions. We establish local functional limit theorems for the power variation processes of X. In case X is a solution of a stochastic differential equation driven by L, these limit theorems provide estimators of the stability index alpha. They are applicable for instance to model fitting problems for paleo-climatic temperature time series taken from the Greenland ice core.


On the probabilities of local behaviors in abelian field extensions

Abstract: For a number field K and a finite abelian group G, we determine the probabilities of various local completions of a random G-extension of K when extensions are ordered by conductor. In particular, for a fixed prime p of K, we determine the probability that p splits into r primes in a random G-extension of K that is unramified at p. We find that these probabilities are nicely behaved and mostly independent. This is in analogy to Chebotarev's density theorem, which gives the probability that in a fixed extension a random prime of K splits into r primes in the extension. We also give the asymptotics for the number of G-extensions with bounded conductor. In fact, we give a class of extension invariants, including conductor, for which we obtain the same counting and probabilistic results. In contrast, we prove that that neither the analogy with the Chebotarev probabilities nor the independence of probabilities holds when extensions are ordered by discriminant.


Trace expansions for elliptic cone operators with stationary domains

Abstract: We analyze the behavior of the trace of the resolvent of an elliptic cone differential operator as the spectral parameter tends to infinity. The resolvent splits into two components, one associated with the minimal extension of the operator, and another, of finite rank, depending on the particular choice of domain. We give a full asymptotic expansion of the first component and expand the component of finite rank in the case where the domain is stationary. The results make use, and develop further, our previous investigations on the analytic and geometric structure of the resolvent. The analysis of nonstationary domains, considerably more intricate, is pursued elsewhere.


Commutative Moufang loops and alternative algebras

Abstract: We compute the orders of free commutative Moufand loops of exponent 3 with $n\leq 7$ free generators and find embeddings of such loops into a loop of invertible elements of the free commutative alternative algebra with identity $x^3=0$.


On Ramification Filtrations and p-adic Differential Equations, II: mixed characteristic case

Abstract: Let K be a complete discretely valued field of mixed characteristic (0, p) with possibly imperfect residue field. We prove a Hasse-Arf theorem for the arithmetic ramification filtrations on G_K, except possibly in the absolutely unramified and non-logarithmic case, or p=2 and logarithmic case. As an application, we obtain a Hasse-Arf theorem for filtrations on finite flat group schemes over O_K.


The regularizing effects of resetting in a particle system for the Burgers equation

Abstract: We study the dissipation mechanism of a stochastic particle system for the Burgers equation. The velocity field of the viscous Burgers and Navier-Stokes equations can be expressed as an expected value of a stochastic process based on noisy particle trajectories [Constantin and Iyer Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 3 (2008) 330-345]. In this paper we study a particle system for the viscous Burgers equations using a Monte-Carlo version of the above; we consider N copies of the above stochastic flow, each driven by independent Wiener processes, and replace the expected value with $\frac{1}{N}$ times the sum over these copies. A similar construction for the Navier-Stokes equations was studied by Mattingly and the first author of this paper [Iyer and Mattingly Nonlinearity 21 (2008) 2537-2553]. Surprisingly, for any finite N, the particle system for the Burgers equations shocks almost surely in finite time. In contrast to the full expected value, the empirical mean $\frac{1}{N}\sum_1^N$ does not regularize the system enough to ensure a time global solution. To avoid these shocks, we consider a resetting procedure, which at first sight should have no regularizing effect at all. However, we prove that this procedure prevents the formation of shocks for any $N\geq2$, and consequently as $N\to\infty$ we get convergence to the solution of the viscous Burgers equation on long time intervals.


Composition of transpositions and equality of ribbon Schur Q-functions

Abstract: We introduce a new operation on skew diagrams called composition of transpositions, and use it and a Jacobi-Trudi style formula to derive equalities on skew Schur Q-functions whose indexing shifted skew diagram is an ordinary skew diagram. When this skew diagram is a ribbon, we conjecture necessary and sufficient conditions for equality of ribbon Schur Q-functions. Moreover, we determine all relations between ribbon Schur Q-functions; show they supply a Z-basis for skew Schur Q-functions; assert their irreducibility; and show that the non-commutative analogue of ribbon Schur Q-functions is the flag h-vector of Eulerian posets.


On a solution of one fuzzy logic problem

Abstract: In this paper defuzzification method of WABL is investigated, its properties are analyzed. The WABL method is applied to some fuzzy models. The package of applied programs is worked out on the base of proposed algorithms. The obtained in the form of visual- interactive graphs results are compared with knows ones.


Regularity and dimension spectrum of the equivariant spectral triple for the odd dimensional quantum spheres

Abstract: The odd dimensional quantum sphere $S_q^{2\ell+1}$ is a homogeneous space for the quantum group $SU_q(\ell+1)$. A generic equivariant spectral triple for $S_q^{2\ell+1}$ on its $L_2$ space was constructed by Chakraborty & Pal. We prove regularity for that spectral triple here. We also compute its dimension spectrum and show that it is simple. We give detailed construction of its smooth function algebra and some related algebras that help proving regularity and in the computation of the dimension spectrum. Following the idea of Connes for $SU_q(2)$, we first study another spectral triple for $S_q^{2\ell+1}$ equivariant under torus group action constructed by Chakraborty & Pal. We then derive the results for the $SU_q(\ell+1)$-equivariant triple in the $q=0$ case from those for the torus equivariant triple. For the $q\neq 0$ case, we deduce regularity and dimension spectrum from the $q=0$ case.


Vanishing of vacuum states and blow-up phenomena of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract: The Navier-Stokes systems for compressible fluids with density-dependent viscosities are considered in the present paper. These equations, in particular, include the ones which are rigorously derived recently as the Saint-Venant system for the motion of shallow water, from the Navier-Stokes system for incompressible flows with a moving free surface [14]. These compressible systems are degenerate when vacuum state appears. We study initial-boundary-value problems for such systems for both bounded spatial domains or periodic domains. The dynamics of weak solutions and vacuum states are investigated rigorously. First, it is proved that the entropy weak solutions for general large initial data satisfying finite initial entropy exist globally in time. Next, for more regular initial data, there is a global entropy weak solution which is unique and regular with well-defined velocity field for short time, and the interface of initial vacuum propagates along particle path during this time period. Then, it is shown that for any global entropy weak solution, any (possibly existing) vacuum state must vanish within finite time. The velocity (even if regular enough and well-defined) blows up in finite time as the vacuum states vanish. Furthermore, after the vanishing of vacuum states, the global entropy weak solution becomes a strong solution and tends to the non-vacuum equilibrium state exponentially in time.


Calculation of two Belyi pairs

Abstract: We calculate two Belyi pairs using the properties of Mulase-Penkava differential. Details are provided including accurate construction of coordinates, variables and equations. The calculation is a part of the work which results in a catalogue arXiv:0710.2658


Specializations of multigradings and the arithmetical rank of lattice ideals

Abstract: In this article we study specializations of multigradings and apply them to the problem of the computation of the arithmetical rank of a lattice ideal $I_{L_{\mathcal{G}}} \subset K[x_{1},...,x_{n}]$. The arithmetical rank of $I_{L_{\mathcal{G}}}$ equals the $\mathcal{F}$-homogeneous arithmetical rank of $I_{L_{\mathcal{G}}}$, for an appropriate specialization $\mathcal{F}$ of $\mathcal{G}$. To the lattice ideal $I_{L_{\mathcal{G}}}$ and every specialization $\mathcal{F}$ of $\mathcal{G}$ we associate a simplicial complex. We prove that combinatorial invariants of the simplicial complex provide lower bounds for the $\mathcal{F}$-homogeneous arithmetical rank of $I_{L_{\mathcal{G}}}$.


Two-Dimensional Patterns with Distinct Differences -- Constructions, Bounds, and Maximal Anticodes

Abstract: A two-dimensional grid with dots is called a \emph{configuration with distinct differences} if any two lines which connect two dots are distinct either in their length or in their slope. These configurations are known to have many applications such as radar, sonar, physical alignment, and time-position synchronization. Rather than restricting dots to lie in a square or rectangle, as previously studied, we restrict the maximum distance between dots of the configuration; the motivation for this is a new application of such configurations to key distribution in wireless sensor networks. We consider configurations in the hexagonal grid as well as in the traditional square grid, with distances measured both in the Euclidean metric, and in the Manhattan or hexagonal metrics. We note that these configurations are confined inside maximal anticodes in the corresponding grid. We classify maximal anticodes for each diameter in each grid. We present upper bounds on the number of dots in a pattern with distinct differences contained in these maximal anticodes. Our bounds settle (in the negative) a question of Golomb and Taylor on the existence of honeycomb arrays of arbitrarily large size. We present constructions and lower bounds on the number of dots in configurations with distinct differences contained in various two-dimensional shapes (such as anticodes) by considering periodic configurations with distinct differences in the square grid.


Binomial generation of the radical of a lattice ideal

Abstract: Let $I_{L, \rho}$ be a lattice ideal. We provide a necessary and sufficient criterion under which a set of binomials in $I_{L, \rho}$ generate the radical of $I_{L, \rho}$ up to radical. We apply our results to the problem of determining the minimal number of generators of $I_{L, \rho}$ or of the $rad(I_{L, \rho})$ up to radical.


P^r-scrolls arising from Brill-Noether theory and K3-surfaces

Abstract: In this paper we study examples of P^r-scrolls defined over primitively polarized K3 surfaces S of genus g, which arise from Brill-Noether theory of the general curve in the primitive linear system on S and from classical Lazarsfeld's results in. We show that such scrolls form an open dense subset of a component H of their Hilbert scheme; moreover, we study some properties of H (e.g. smoothness, dimensional computation, etc.) just in terms of the moduli space of such K3's and of the moduli space of semistable torsion-free sheaves of a given Mukai-vector on S. One of the motivation of this analysis is to try to introducing the use of projective geometry and degeneration techniques in order to studying possible limits of semistable vector-bundles of any rank on a general K3 as well as Brill-Noether theory of vector-bundles on suitable degenerations of projective curves. We conclude the paper by discussing some applications to the Hilbert schemes of geometrically ruled surfaces whose base curve has general moduli.


Riemannian geometric realizations for Ricci tensors of generalized algebraic curvature operators

Abstract: We examine questions of geometric realizability for algebraic structures which arise naturally in affine and Riemannian geometry. Suppose given an algebraic curvature operator R at a point P of a manifold M and suppose given a real analytic (resp. C-k for finite k at least 2) pseudo-Riemannian metric on M defined near P. We construct a torsion free real analytic (resp. C-k) connection D which is defined near P on the tangent bundle of M whose curvature operator is the given operator R at P and so that D has constant scalar curvature. We show that if R is Ricci symmetric, then D can be chosen to be Ricci symmetric; if R has trace free Ricci tensor, then D can be chosen to have trace free Ricci tensor; if R is Ricci alternating, then D can be chosen to be Ricci alternating.


S-numbers of elementary operators on C*-algebras

Abstract: We study the s-numbers of elementary operators acting on C*-algebras. The main results are the following: If $\tau$ is any tensor norm and $a,b\in B(H)$ are such that the sequences $s(a),s(b)$ of their singular numbers belong to a stable Calkin space $J$ then the sequence of approximation numbers of $a\otimes_{\tau} b$ belongs to $J$. If $A$ is a C*-algebra, $J$ is a stable Calkin space, $s$ is an s-number function, and $a_i, b_i \in A,$ $i=1,...,m$ are such that $s(\pi(a_i)), s(\pi(b_i)) \in J$, $i=1,...,m$ for some faithful representation $\pi$ of $A$ then $s(\sum_{i=1}^{m} M_{a_i,b_i})\in J$. The converse implication holds if and only if the ideal of compact elements of $A$ has finite spectrum. We also prove a quantitative version of a result of Ylinen.


Application of Multihomogeneous Covariants to the Essential Dimension of Finite Groups

Abstract: We investigate essential dimension of finite groups over arbitrary fields and give a systematic treatment of multihomogenization, introduced by H.Kraft, G.Schwarz and the author. We generalize the central extension theorem of Buhler and Reichstein and use multihomogenization to substitute and generalize the stack-involved part of the theorem of Karpenko and Merkurjev about the essential dimension of p-groups. One part of this paper is devoted to the study of completely reducible faithful representations. Amongst results concerning faithful representations of minimal dimension there is a computation of the minimal number of irreducible components needed for a faithful representation.


The Horrocks correspondence for coherent sheaves on projective spaces

Abstract: We establish an equivalence between the stable category of coherent sheaves (satisfying a mild restriction) on a projective space and the homotopy category of a certain class of minimal complexes of free modules over the exterior algebra Koszul dual to the homogeneous coordinate algebra of the projective space. We also relate these complexes to the Tate resolutions of the respective sheaves. In this way, we extend from vector bundles to coherent sheaves the results of Coand\u{a} and Trautmann [Trans. AMS 385 (2005)], which interpret in terms of the BGG correspondence the results of Trautmann [Math. Ann. 237 (1978)] about the correspondence of Horrocks [Proc. London. Math. Soc. 14 (1964)], [Asterisque 71-72 (1980)]. We also give direct proofs of the BGG correspondences for graded modules and for coherent sheaves and of the theorem of Eisenbud, Floystad and Schreyer [Trans. AMS 355 (2003)] describing the linear part of the Tate resolution associated to a coherent sheaf. Moreover, we provide an explicit description of the quotient of the Tate resolution by its linear strand corresponding to the module of global sections of the various twists of the sheaf.


Rescaled Levy-Loewner hulls and random growth

Abstract: We consider radial Loewner evolution driven by unimodular L\'evy processes. We rescale the hulls of the evolution by capacity, and prove that the weak limit of the rescaled hulls exists. We then study a random growth model obtained by driving the Loewner equation with a compound Poisson process. The process involves two real parameters: the intensity of the underlying Poisson process and a localization parameter of the Poisson kernel which determines the jumps. A particular choice of parameters yields a growth process similar to the Hastings-Levitov $\rm{HL}(0)$ model. We describe the asymptotic behavior of the hulls with respect to the parameters, showing that growth tends to become localized as the jump parameter increases. We obtain deterministic evolutions in one limiting case, and Loewner evolution driven by a unimodular Cauchy process in another. We show that the Hausdorff dimension of the limiting rescaled hulls is equal to 1. Using a different type of compound Poisson process, where the Poisson kernel is replaced by the heat kernel, as driving function, we recover one case of the aforementioned model and $\rm{SLE}(\kappa)$ as limits.


On the localization principle for the automorphisms of pseudoellipsoids

Abstract: We show that Alexander's extendibility theorem for a local automorphism of the unit ball is valid also for a local automorphism $f$ of a pseudoellipsoid $\E^n_{(p_1, ..., p_{k})} \= \{z \in \C^n : \sum_{j= 1}^{n - k}|z_j|^2 + |z_{n-k+1}|^{2 p_1} + ... + |z_n|^{2 p_{k}} < 1 \}$, provided that $f$ is defined on a region $\U \subset \E^n_{(p)}$ such that: i) $\partial \U \cap \partial \E^n_{(p)}$ contains an open set of strongly pseudoconvex points; ii) $\U \cap \{z_i = 0 \} \neq \emptyset$ for any $n-k +1 \leq i \leq n$. By the counterexamples we exhibit, such hypotheses can be considered as optimal.


On the QALE geometry of Nakajima's metric

Abstract: We show that on Hilbert scheme of $n$ points on $\C^2$, the hyperk\"ahler metric construsted by H. Nakajima via hyperk\"ahler reduction is the Quasi-Asymptotically Locally Euclidean (QALE in short) metric constructed by D. Joyce.


A cofinite universal space for proper actions for mapping class groups

Abstract: We prove that the mapping class group $\Gamma_{g,n}$ for surfaces of negative Euler characteristic has a cofinite universal space $\E$ for proper actions (the resulting quotient is a finite $CW$-complex). The approach is to construct a truncated Teichmueller space $\T_{g,n}(\epsilon)$ by introducing a lower bound for the length of shortest closed geodesics and showing that $\T_{g,n}(\epsilon)$ is a $\Gamma_{g,n}$ equivariant deformation retract of the Teichmueller space $\T_{g, n}$. The existence of such a cofinite universal space is important in the study of the cohomology of the group $\gag$. As an application, we note that there are only finitely many conjugacy classes of finite subgroups of $\Gamma_{g,n}$. Another application is that the rational Novikov conjecture in K-theory holds for $\Gamma_{g,n}$.


Tilings defined by affine Weyl groups

Abstract: Let W be a Weyl group, presented as a crystallographic reflection group on a Euclidean vector space V, and C an open Weyl chamber. In a recent paper, Waldspurger proved that the images (id-w)(C), for Weyl group elements w, are all disjoint, and their union is the closed cone spanned by the positive roots. We show that similarly, if A is the Weyl alcove, the images (id-w)(A), for affine Weyl group elements w, are all disjoint, and their union is V.


On bundles related to groupoids of matrix subalgebras

Abstract: This paper has been withdrawn by the author.


Distinct Difference Configurations: Multihop Paths and Key Predistribution in Sensor Networks

Abstract: A distinct difference configuration is a set of points in $\mathbb{Z}^2$ with the property that the vectors (\emph{difference vectors}) connecting any two of the points are all distinct. Many specific examples of these configurations have been previously studied: the class of distinct difference configurations includes both Costas arrays and sonar sequences, for example. Motivated by an application of these structures in key predistribution for wireless sensor networks, we define the $k$-hop coverage of a distinct difference configuration to be the number of distinct vectors that can be expressed as the sum of $k$ or fewer difference vectors. This is an important parameter when distinct difference configurations are used in the wireless sensor application, as this parameter describes the density of nodes that can be reached by a short secure path in the network. We provide upper and lower bounds for the $k$-hop coverage of a distinct difference configuration with $m$ points, and exploit a connection with $B_{h}$ sequences to construct configurations with maximal $k$-hop coverage. We also construct distinct difference configurations that enable all small vectors to be expressed as the sum of two of the difference vectors of the configuration, an important task for local secure connectivity in the application.


Integral pinching results for manifolds with boundary

Abstract: We prove that some Riemannian manifolds with boundary under an explicit integral pinching are spherical space forms. Precisely, we show that 3-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with totally geodesic boundary, positive scalar curvature and an explicit integral pinching between the $L^2$-norm of their scalar curvature and the $L^2$-norm of their Ricci tensor are spherical space forms with totally geodesic boundary. Moreover, we prove also that 4-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with umbilic boundary, positive Yamabe invariant and an explicit integral pinching between the total integral of their $(Q,T)$-curvature and the $L^2$-norm of their Weyl curvature are spherical space forms with totally geodesic boundary. As a consequence of our work, we show that a certain conformally invariant operator which plays an important role in Conformal Geometry has a trivial kernel and is non-negative if the Yamabe invariant is positive and verifies a pinching condition together with the total integral of the $(Q,T)$-curvature. As an application of the latter spectral analysis, we show the existence of conformal metrics with constant $Q$-curvature, constant $T$-curvature, and zero mean curvature under the latter assumptions.


Every braid admits a short sigma-definite representative

Abstract: A result by Dehornoy (1992) says that every nontrivial braid admits a sigma-definite word representative, defined as a braid word in which the generator sigma_i with maximal index i appears with exponents that are all positive, or all negative. This is the ground result for ordering braids. In this paper, we enhance this result and prove that every braid admits a sigma-definite word representative that, in addition, is quasi-geodesic. This establishes a longstanding conjecture. Our proof uses the dual braid monoid and a new normal form called the rotating normal form.


Axiomatizations of quasi-polynomial functions on bounded chains

Abstract: Two emergent properties in aggregation theory are investigated, namely horizontal maxitivity and comonotonic maxitivity (as well as their dual counterparts) which are commonly defined by means of certain functional equations. We completely describe the function classes axiomatized by each of these properties, up to weak versions of monotonicity in the cases of horizontal maxitivity and minitivity. While studying the classes axiomatized by combinations of these properties, we introduce the concept of quasi-polynomial function which appears as a natural extension of the well-established notion of polynomial function. We give further axiomatizations for this class both in terms of functional equations and natural relaxations of homogeneity and median decomposability. As noteworthy particular cases, we investigate those subclasses of quasi-term functions and quasi-weighted maximum and minimum functions, and provide characterizations accordingly.


Almost continuous orbit equivalence for non-singular homeomorphisms

Abstract: Let $X$ and $Y$ be Polish spaces with non-atomic Borel measures $\mu$ and $\nu$ of full support. Suppose that $T$ and $S$ are ergodic non-singular homeomorphisms of $(X,\mu)$ and $(Y,\nu)$ with continuous Radon-Nikodym derivatives. Suppose that either they are both of type $III_1$ or that they are both of type $III_\lambda$, $0<\lambda<1$ and, in the $III_\lambda$ case, suppose in addition that both `topological asymptotic ranges' (defined in the article) are $\log\lambda\cdot\Bbb Z$. Then there exist invariant dense $G_\delta$-subsets $X'\subset X$ and $Y'\subset Y$ of full measure and a non-singular homeomorphism $\phi: X' \to Y'$ which is an orbit equivalence between $T|_{X'}$ and $S|_{Y'}$, that is $\phi\{T^{i}x\} = \{S^{i}x\}$ for all $x \in X'$. Moreover the Radon-Nikodym derivative $d\nu\circ\phi/d\mu$ is continuous on $X'$ and, letting $S' = \phi^{-1}S \phi$ we have $Tx= {S'}^{n(x)}x$ and $S' = T^{m(x)}x$ where $n$ and $m$ are continuous on $X'$.


Theta Correspondence for U(1,1) and U(2)

Abstract: In this paper, we parametrize certain irreducible supercuspidal representations of U(1,1) and U(2) via explicit induction data. The parametrization depends on traceless elements of negative valuation in a quadratic extension of base field. We use the lattice model of the Weil representation to determine which traceless elements are involved in the theta correspondence for reductive dual pair U(1,1) and U(2).


Non-oriented solutions of the eikonal equation

Abstract: We study a new formulation for the eikonal equation |grad u| =1 on a bounded subset of R^2. Instead of a vector field grad u, we consider a field P of orthogonal projections on 1-dimensional subspaces, with div P in L^2. We prove existence and uniqueness for solutions of the equation P div P=0. We give a geometric description, comparable with the classical case, and we prove that such solutions exist only if the domain is a tubular neighbourhood of a regular closed curve. The idea of the proof is to apply a generalized method of characteristics introduced in Jabin, Otto, Perthame, "Line-energy Ginzburg-Landau models: zero-energy states", Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa Cl. Sci. (5) 1 (2002), to a suitable vector field m satisfying P = m \otimes m. This formulation provides a useful approach to the analysis of stripe patterns. It is specifically suited to systems where the physical properties of the pattern are invariant under rotation over 180 degrees, such as systems of block copolymers or liquid crystals.


A two-parameter family of complex Hadamard matrices of order 6 induced by hypocycloids

Abstract: Constructions of Hadamard matrices from smaller blocks is a well-known technique in the theory of real Hadamard matrices: tensoring Hadamard matrices and the classical arrays of Williamson, Ito are all procedures involving smaller order building blocks. We apply a new block-construction for order 6 to obtain a previously unknown 2-dimensional family of complex Hadamard matrices. Our results extend the families D_6(t) and B_6(t) found by various authors recently. As a direct application the existence of a 2-parameter family of MUB-triplets of order 6 is shown.


Selections, Extensions and Collectionwise Normality

Abstract: We demonstrate that the classical Michael selection theorem for l.s.c. mappings with a collectionwise normal domain can be reduced only to compact-valued mappings modulo Dowker's extension theorem for such spaces. The idea used to achieve this reduction is also applied to get a simple direct proof of that selection theorem of Michael's. Some other possible applications are demonstrated as well.


Differential invariants of generic parabolic Monge-Ampere equations

Abstract: Some new results on geometry of classical parabolic Monge-Amp\`ere equations (PMA) are presented. PMAs are either \emph{integrable}, or \emph{nonintegrable} according to integrability of its characteristic distribution. All integrable PMAs are locally equivalent to the equation $u_{xx}=0$. We study nonintegrable PMAs by associating with each of them a 1-dimensional distribution on the corresponding first order jet manifold, called the \emph{directing distribution}. According to some property of this distribution, nonintegrable PMAs are subdivided into three classes, one \emph{generic} and two \emph{special} ones. Generic PMAs are completely characterized by their directing distributions, and we study canonical models of the latters, \emph{projective curve bundles} (PCB). A PCB is a 1-dimensional subbundle of the projectivized cotangent bundle of a 4-dimensional manifold. Differential invariants of projective curves composing such a bundle are used to construct a series of contact differential invariants for corresponding PMAs. These give a solution of the equivalence problem for generic PMAs with respect to contact transformations. The introduced invariants measure in an exact manner nonlinearity of PMAs.


Convergence of multiple ergodic averages along cubes for several commuting transformations

Abstract: We prove the norm convergence of multiple ergodic averages along cubes for several commuting transformations, and derive corresponding combinatorial results. The method we use relies primarily on the "magic extension" established recently by B. ~Host.


The categorified Diassociative cooperad

Abstract: Using representations of quivers of type A, we define an anticyclic cooperad in the category of triangulated categories, which is a categorification of the linear dual of the Diassociative operad.


An observation concerning uniquely ergodic vector fields on 3-manifolds

Abstract: This paper proves the following: A volume preserving vector field on a compact 3-manifold whose dual 2-form is exact can not generate uniquely ergodic dynamics unless its asymptotic linking number is zero.


Embedded contact homology and Seiberg-Witten Floer cohomology I

Abstract: This is the first of five papers that construct an isomorphism between the embedded contact homology and Seiberg-Witten Floer cohomology of a compact 3-manifold with a given contact 1-form. This paper describes what is involved in the construction.


Number of Irreducible Polynomials and Pairs of Relatively Prime Polynomials in Several Variables over Finite Fields

Abstract: We discuss several enumerative results for irreducible polynomials of a given degree and pairs of relatively prime polynomials of given degrees in several variables over finite fields. Two notions of degree, the {\em total degree} and the {\em vector degree}, are considered. We show that the number of irreducibles can be computed recursively by degree and that the number of relatively prime pairs can be expressed in terms of the number of irreducibles. We also obtain asymptotic formulas for the number of irreducibles and the number of relatively prime pairs. The asymptotic formulas for the number of irreducibles generalize and improve several previous results by Carlitz, Cohen and Bodin.


Preduals of semigroup algebras

Abstract: For a locally compact group $G$, the measure convolution algebra $M(G)$ carries a natural coproduct. In previous work, we showed that the canonical predual $C_0(G)$ of $M(G)$ is the unique predual which makes both the product and the coproduct on $M(G)$ weak$^*$-continuous. Given a discrete semigroup $S$, the convolution algebra $\ell^1(S)$ also carries a coproduct. In this paper we examine preduals for $\ell^1(S)$ making both the product and the coproduct weak$^*$-continuous. Under certain conditions on $S$, we show that $\ell^1(S)$ has a unique such predual. Such $S$ include the free semigroup on finitely many generators. In general, however, this need not be the case even for quite simple semigroups and we construct uncountably many such preduals on $\ell^1(S)$ when $S$ is either $\mathbb Z_+\times\mathbb Z$ or $(\mathbb N,\cdot)$.


Phase transitions in infinitely generated groups, and related problems in additive number theory

Abstract: Let A be an infinite set of generators for a group G, and let L_A(r) denote the number of elements of G whose word length with respect to A is exactly r. The purpose of this note is to determine all growth functions L_A(r) associated to infinite generating sets for groups, and to describe a phase transition phenomenon associated with infinite generating sets. A list of open problems is also.included.


Centers of cyclotomic Sergeev superalgebras

Abstract: We prove that the natural map from the center of the affine Sergeev superalgebra to the even center of any cyclotomic Sergeev superalgebra of odd level is surjective, hence that the even center of a cyclotomic Sergeev superalgebra of odd level consists of symmetric functions in the squares of its polynomial generators.


Distributive lattices and cohomology

Abstract: A resolution of the intersection of a finite number of subgroups of an abelian group by means of their sums is constructed, provided the lattice generated by these subgroups is distributive. This is used for detecting singularities of modules over Dedekind rings. A generalized Chinese remainder theorem is derived as a consequence of the above resolution. The Gelfand-Naimark duality between finite closed coverings of compact Hausdorff spaces and the generalized Chinese remainder theorem is clarified.


On Effective log Iitaka Fibration for 3-folds and 4-folds

Abstract: We prove the effectiveness of the log Iitaka fibration in Kodaira codimension two for varieties of dimension$\le 4$. In particular, we finish the proof of effective log Iitaka fibration in dimension two. Also, we show that for the log Iitaka fibration, if the fiber is of dimension two, the denominator of the moduli part is bounded.


Separation of Relatively Quasiconvex Subgroups

Abstract: Suppose that all hyperbolic groups are residually finite. The following statements follow: In relatively hyperbolic groups with peripheral structures consisting of finitely generated nilpotent subgroups, quasiconvex subgroups are separable; Geometrically finite subgroups of non-uniform lattices in rank one symmetric spaces are separable; Kleinian groups are subgroup separable. We also show that LERF for finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifolds would follow from LERF for closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds. The method is to reduce, via combination and filling theorems, the separability of a quasiconvex subgroup of a relatively hyperbolic group G to the separability of a quasiconvex subgroup of a hyperbolic quotient G/N. A result of Agol, Groves, and Manning is then applied.


Non-singular solutions of normalized Ricci flow on noncompact manifolds of finite volume

Abstract: The main result of this paper shows that, if $g(t)$ is a complete non-singular solution of the normalized Ricci flow on a noncompact 4-manifold $M$ of finite volume, then the Euler characteristic number $\chi(M)\geq0$. Moreover, $\chi(M)\neq 0$, there exist a sequence times $t_k\to\infty$, a double sequence of points $\{p_{k,l}\}_{l=1}^{N}$ and domains $\{U_{k,l}\}_{l=1}^{N}$ with $p_{k,l}\in U_{k,l}$ satisfying the followings: [(i)] $\dist_{g(t_k)}(p_{k,l_1},p_{k,l_2})\to\infty$ as $k\to\infty$, for any fixed $l_1\neq l_2$; [(ii)] for each $l$, $(U_{k,l},g(t_k),p_{k,l})$ converges in the $C_{loc}^\infty$ sense to a complete negative Einstein manifold $(M_{\infty,l},g_{\infty,l},p_{\infty,l})$ when $k\to\infty$; [(iii)] $\Vol_{g(t_{k})}(M\backslash\bigcup_{l=1}^{N}U_{k,l})\to0$ as $k\to\infty$.


Indecomposable polynomials and their spectrum

Abstract: We address some questions concerning indecomposable polynomials and their spectrum. How does the spectrum behave via reduction or specialization, or via a more general ring morphism? Are the indecomposability properties equivalent over a field and over its algebraic closure? How many polynomials are decomposable over a finite field?


Extending $T^p$ automorphisms over $\RR^{p+2}$ and realizing DE attractors

Abstract: In this paper we consider the realization of DE attractors by self-diffeomorphisms of manifolds. For any expanding self-map $\phi:M\to M$ of a connected, closed $p$-dimensional manifold $M$, one can always realize a $(p,q)$-type attractor derived from $\phi$ by a compactly-supported self-diffeomorphsm of $\RR^{p+q}$, as long as $q\geq p+1$. Thus lower codimensional realizations are more interesting, related to the knotting problem below the stable range. We show that for any expanding self-map $\phi$ of a standard smooth $p$-dimensional torus $T^p$, there is compactly-supported self-diffeomorphism of $\RR^{p+2}$ realizing an attractor derived from $\phi$. A key ingredient of the construction is to understand automorphisms of $T^p$ which extend over $\RR^{p+2}$ as a self-diffeomorphism via the standard unknotted embedding $\imath_p:T^p\hookrightarrow\RR^{p+2}$. We show that these automorphisms form a subgroup $E_{\imath_p}$ of $\Aut(T^p)$ of index at most $2^p-1$.


The asymptotic Schottky problem

Abstract: Let $\mathcal M_g$ denote the moduli space of compact Riemann surfaces of genus $g$ and let $\mathcal A_g$ be the space of principally polarized abelian varieties of (complex) dimension $g$. Let $J:\mathcal M_g\longrightarrow \mathcal A_g$ be the map which associates to a Riemann surface its Jacobian. The map $J$ is injective, and the image $J(\mathcal M_g)$ is contained in a proper subvariety of $\mathcal A_g$ when $g\geq 4$. The classical and long-studied Schottky problem is to characterize the Jacobian locus $\mathcal J_g:=J(\mathcal M_g)$ in $\mathcal A_g$. In this paper we adress a large scale version of this problem posed by Farb and called the {\em coarse Schottky problem}: How does $\mathcal J_g$ look "from far away", or how "dense" is $\mathcal J_g$ in the sense of coarse geometry? The coarse geometry of the Siegel modular variety $\mathcal A_g$ is encoded in its asymptotic cone $\textup{Cone}_\infty(\mathcal A_g)$, which is a Euclidean simplicial cone of (real) dimension $g$. Our main result asserts that the Jacobian locus $\mathcal J_g$ is "asymptotically large", or "coarsely dense" in $\mathcal A_g$. More precisely, the subset of $\textup{Cone}_\infty(\mathcal A_g)$ determinded by $\mathcal J_g$ actually coincides with this cone. The proof also shows that the Jacobian locus of hyperelliptic curves is coarsely dense in $\mathcal A_g$ as well. We also study the boundary points of the Jacobian locus $\mathcal J_g$ in $\mathcal A_g$ and in the Baily-Borel and the Borel-Serre compactification. We show that for large genus $g$ the set of boundary points of $\mathcal J_g$ in these compactifications is "small".


The Duistermaat-Heckman formula and the cohomology of moduli spaces of polygons

Abstract: We give a presentation of the cohomology ring of spatial polygon spaces $M(r)$ with fixed side lengths $r \in \mathbb R^n_+$. These spaces can be described as the symplectic reduction of the Grassmaniann of 2-planes in $\mathbb C^n$ by the $U(1)^n$-action by multiplication, where $U(1)^n$ is the torus of diagonal matrices in the unitary group U(n). We prove that the first Chern classes of the $n$ line bundles associated with the fibration $r$-level set $\rightarrow M(r)$ generate the cohomology ring $H^* (M(r), \mathbb C).$ By applying the Duistermaat--Heckman Theorem, we then deduce the relations on these generators from the piece-wise polynomial function that describes the volume of $M(r).$ We also give an explicit description of the birational map between $M(r) $ and $M(r')$ when the lengths vectors $r$ and $r'$ are in different chambers of the moment polytope. This wall-crossing analysis is the key step to prove that the Chern classes above are generators of $H^*(M(r))$ (this is well-known when $M(r)$ is toric, and by wall-crossing we prove that it holds also when $M(r)$ is not toric).


Solutions of Aronsson equation near isolated points

Abstract: We show that for non-negative solution of the Aronsson equation an isolated singularity is either removable, or the solution behaves asymptotically like a general cone. This generalizes the asymptotic behavior theory for infinity harmonic functions by Savin, Wang and Yu.


Invariant theory and the W_{1+\infty} algebra with negative integral central charge

Abstract: The vertex algebra W_{1+\infty,c} with central charge c may be defined as a module over the universal central extension of the Lie algebra of differential operators on the circle. For an integer n\geq 1, it was conjectured in the physics literature that W_{1+\infty,-n} should have a minimal strong generating set consisting of n^2+2n elements. Using a free field realization of W_{1+\infty,-n} due to Kac-Radul, together with a deformed version of Weyl's first and second fundamental theorems of invariant theory for the standard representation of GL_n, we prove this conjecture. A consequence is that the irreducible, highest-weight representations of W_{1+\infty,-n} are parametrized by a closed subvariety of C^{n^2+2n}.


Existence and classification of characteristic points at blow-up for a semilinear wave equation in one space dimension

Abstract: We consider the semilinear wave equation with power nonlinearity in one space dimension. We first show the existence of a blow-up solution with a characteristic point. Then, we consider an arbitrary blow-up solution $u(x,t)$, the graph $x\mapsto T(x)$ of its blow-up points and $\SS\subset $ the set of all characteristic points, and show that the $\SS$ has an empty interior. Finally, given $x_0\in \SS$, we show that in selfsimilar variables, the solution decomposes into a decoupled sum of (at least two) solitons with alternate signs and that $T(x)$ forms a corner of angle $\frac \pi 2$ at $x_0$.


Brownian motion conditioned to stay in a cone

Abstract: A result of R. Durrett, D. Iglehart and D. Miller states that Brownian meander is Brownian motion conditioned to stay positive for a unit of time, in the sense that it is the weak limit, as $x$ goes to 0, of Brownian motion started at $x>0$ and conditioned to stay positive for a unit of time. We extend this limit theorem to the case of multidimensional Brownian motion conditioned to stay in a smooth convex cone.


DG-methods for microlocalization

Abstract: For a complex manifold $X$ the ring of microdifferential operators $\E_X$ acts on the microlocalization $\mu hom(F,\O_X)$, for $F$ in the derived category of sheaves on $X$. Kashiwara, Schapira, Ivorra, Waschkies proved, as a byproduct of their new microlocalization functor for ind-sheaves, $\mu_X$, that $\mu hom(F,\O_X)$ can in fact be defined as an object of the derived category of $\E_X$-modules: this follows from the fact that $\mu_X \O_X$ is concentrated in one degree. In this paper we prove that the tempered microlocalization also is an object of the derived category of $\E_X$-modules. Since we don't know whether the tempered version of $\mu_X \O_X$ is concentrated in one degree, we introduce a method to build suitable resolutions for which the action of $\E_X$ is realized in the category of complexes. We define a version of the de Rham algebra on the subanalytic site which is quasi-injective and we work in the category of dg-modules over this de Rham algebra instead of the derived category of sheaves.


Birkhoff normal form and splitting methods for semi linear Hamiltonian PDEs. Part II: Abstract splitting

Abstract: We consider Hamiltonian PDEs that can be split into a linear unbounded operator and a regular non linear part. We consider abstract splitting methods associated with this decomposition where no discretization in space is made. We prove a normal form result for the corresponding discrete flow under generic non resonance conditions on the frequencies of the linear operator and on the step size. This result implies the conservation of the regularity of the numerical solution associated with the splitting method over arbitrary long time, provided the initial data is small enough. This result holds for numerical schemes controlling the round-off error at each step to avoid possible high frequency energy drift. We apply this results to nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations as well as the nonlinear wave equation.}


Module categories over pointed Hopf algebras

Abstract: We develop some techniques to the study of exact module categories over some families of pointed finite-dimensional Hopf algebras. As an application we classify exact module categories over the tensor category of representations of the small quantum groups $u_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)$.


On Level-Raising Congruences

Abstract: A work of Sorensen is rewritten here to include nontrivial types at the infinite places. This extends results of K. Ribet and R. Taylor on level-raising for algebraic modular forms on D^{\times}, where D is a definite quaternion algebra over a totally real field F. This is done for any automorphic representations \pi of an arbitrary reductive group G over F which is compact at infinity. It is not assumed that \pi_\infty is trivial. If \lambda is a finite place of \bar{\Q}, and w is a place where \pi_w is unramified and \pi_w is congruent to the trivial representation mod \lambda, then under some mild additional assumptions (relaxing requirements on the relation between w and \ell which appear in previous works) the existence of a \tilde{\pi} congruent to \pi mod \lambda such that \tilde{\pi}_w has more parahoric fixed vectors than \pi_w, is proven. In the case where G_w has semisimple rank one, results of Clozel, Bellaiche and Graftieaux according to which \tilde{\pi}_w is Steinberg, are sharpened. To provide applications of the main theorem two examples over F of rank greater than one are considered. In the first example G is taken to be a unitary group in three variables and a split place w. In the second G is taken to be an inner form of GSp(2). In both cases, precise satisfiable conditions on a split prime w guaranteeing the existence of a \tilde{\pi} congruent to \pi mod \lambda such that the component \tilde{\pi}_w is generic and Iwahori spherical, are obtained. For symplectic G, to conclude that \tilde{\pi}_w is generic, computations of R. Schmidt are used. In particular, if \pi is of Saito-Kurokawa type, it is congruent to a \tilde{\pi} which is not of Saito-Kurokawa type.


Grapham: Graphical Models with Adaptive Random Walk Metropolis Algorithms

Abstract: Recently developed adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been applied successfully to many problems in Bayesian statistics. Grapham is a new open source implementation covering several such methods, with emphasis on graphical models for directed acyclic graphs. The implemented algorithms include the seminal Adaptive Metropolis algorithm adjusting the proposal covariance according to the history of the chain and a Metropolis algorithm adjusting the proposal scale based on the observed acceptance probability. Different variants of the algorithms allow one, for example, to use these two algorithms together, employ delayed rejection and adjust several parameters of the algorithms. The implemented Metropolis-within-Gibbs update allows arbitrary sampling blocks. The software is written in C and uses a simple extension language Lua in configuration.


On a q-extension of Mehta's eigenvectors of the finite Fourier transform for q a root of unity

Abstract: It is shown that the continuous q-Hermite polynomials for q a root of unity have simple transformation properties with respect to the classical Fourier transform. This result is then used to construct q-extended eigenvectors of the finite Fourier transform in terms of these polynomials.


Decomposing locally compact groups into simple pieces

Abstract: We present a contribution to the structure theory of locally compact groups. The emphasis is on compactly generated locally compact groups which admit no infinite discrete quotient. It is shown that such a group possesses a characteristic cocompact subgroup which is either connected or admits a non-compact non-discrete topologically simple quotient. We also provide a description of characteristically simple groups and of groups all of whose proper quotients are compact. We show that Noetherian locally compact groups without infinite discrete quotient admit a subnormal series with all subquotients compact, compactly generated Abelian, or compactly generated topologically simple. Two appendices introduce results and examples around the concept of quasi-product.


Stability of Fractional-Order Systems with Rational Orders

Abstract: This paper deals with stability of a certain class of fractional order linear and nonlinear systems. The stability is investigated in the time domain and the frequency domain. The general stability conditions and several illustrative examples are presented as well.


Bilinear Forms on the Dirichlet Space

Abstract: Let $\mathcal{D}$ be the classical Dirichlet space, the Hilbert space of holomorphic functions on the disk. Given a holomorphic symbol function $b$ we define the associated Hankel type bilinear form, initially for polynomials f and g, by $T_{b}(f,g):= < fg,b >_{\mathcal{D}} $, where we are looking at the inner product in the space $\mathcal{D}$. We let the norm of $T_{b}$ denotes its norm as a bilinear map from $\mathcal{D}\times\mathcal{D}$ to the complex numbers. We say a function $b$ is in the space $\mathcal{X}$ if the measure $d\mu_{b}:=| b^{\prime}(z)| ^{2}dA$ is a Carleson measure for $\mathcal{D}$ and norm $\mathcal{X}$ by $$ \Vert b\Vert_{\mathcal{X}}:=| b(0)| +\Vert | b^{\prime}(z)| ^{2}dA\Vert_{CM(\mathcal{D})}^{1/2}. $$ Our main result is $T_{b}$ is bounded if and only if $b\in\mathcal{X}$ and $$ \Vert T_{b}\Vert_{\mathcal{D\times D}}\approx\Vert b\Vert_{\mathcal{X}}. $$


A non-periodic and two-dimensional example of elliptic homogenization

Abstract: The focus in this paper is on elliptic homogenization of a certain kind of possibly non-periodic problems. A non-periodic and two-dimensional example is studied, where we numerically illustrate the homogenized matrix.


Invariant Prolongation of BGG-Operators in Conformal Geometry

Abstract: BGG-operators form sequences of invariant differential operators and the first of these is overdetermined. Interesting equations in conformal geometry described by these operators are those for Einstein scales, conformal Killing forms and conformal Killing tensors. We present a deformation procedure of the tractor connection which yields an invariant prolongation of the first operator. The explicit calculation is presented in the case of conformal Killing forms.


Parabolic equations with variably partially VMO coefficients

Abstract: We prove the $W^{1,2}_{p}$-solvability of second order parabolic equations in nondivergence form in the whole space for $p\in (1,\infty)$. The leading coefficients are assumed to be measurable in one spatial direction and have vanishing mean oscillation (VMO) in the orthogonal directions and the time variable in each small parabolic cylinder with the direction depending on the cylinder. This extends a recent result by Krylov [17] for elliptic equations and removes the restriction that $p>2$.


The structure of Valdivia compact lines

Abstract: We study linearly ordered spaces which are Valdivia compact in their order topology. We find an internal characterization of these spaces and we present a counter-example disproving a conjecture posed earlier by the first author. The conjecture asserted that a compact line is Valdivia compact if its weight does not exceed aleph one, every point of uncountable character is isolated from one side and every closed first countable subspace is metrizable. It turns out that the last condition is not sufficient. On the other hand, we show that the conjecture is valid if the closure of the set of points of uncountable character is scattered. This improves an earlier result of the first author.


Monoidal transformations of singularities in positive characteristic

Abstract: A sequence of monoidal transformations is defined, in terms of invariants, for a singular hypersurface embedded in a smooth scheme of positive characteristic. Some examples are added to illustrate the improvement of singularities by this procedure.


Kangaroo points and oblique polynomials in resolution of positive characteristic

Abstract: Updated version. Includes comments on the advances in the field from the Kyoto workshop on Resolution of Singularities in Positive Characteristic, December 2008. The article surveys the theory of kangaroo points as they appear in the resolution of singularities in positive characteristic. They represent one of the main obstructions for transcribing the characteristic zero proof of resolution to positive characteristic. Kangaroo points are classified through the concept of oblique polynomials. The results of the article are used in Hironaka's recent program towards the resolution of singularities in positive characteristic.


Combinatorial Formulas for Macdonald and Hall-Littlewood Polynomials of Types A and C. Extended Abstract

Abstract: A breakthrough in the theory of (type A) Macdonald polynomials is due to Haglund, Haiman and Loehr, who exhibited a combinatorial formula for these polynomials in terms of fillings of Young diagrams. Recently, Ram and Yip gave a formula for the Macdonald polynomials of arbitrary type in terms of the corresponding affine Weyl group. In this paper, we show that a Haglund-Haiman-Loehr type formula follows naturally from the more general Ram-Yip formula, via compression. Then we extend this approach to the Hall-Littlewood polynomials of type C, which are specializations of the corresponding Macdonald polynomials at q=0. We note that no analog of the Haglund-Haiman-Loehr formula exists beyond type A, so our work is a first step towards finding such a formula.


Some weak indivisibility results in ultrahomogeneous metric spaces

Abstract: We study the validity of a partition property known as weak indivisibility for the integer and the rational Urysohn metric spaces. We also compare weak indivisiblity to another partition property, called age-indivisibility, and provide an example of a countable ultrahomogeneous metric space which may be age-indivisible but not weakly indivisible.


An Elementary Classification of Symmetric 2-Cocycles

Abstract: We present a classification of the so-called "additive symmetric 2-cocycles" of arbitrary degree and dimension over Z/p, along with a partial result and some conjectures for m-cocycles over Z/p, m > 2. This expands greatly on a result originally due to Lazard and more recently investigated by Ando, Hopkins, and Strickland, which together with their work culminates in a complete classification of 2-cocycles over an arbitrary commutative ring. The ring classifying these polynomials finds application in algebraic topology, including generalizations of formal group laws and of cubical structures.


Penalized Orthogonal-Components Regression for Large p Small n Data

Abstract: We propose a penalized orthogonal-components regression (POCRE) for large p small n data. Orthogonal components are sequentially constructed to maximize, upon standardization, their correlation to the response residuals. A new penalization framework, implemented via empirical Bayes thresholding, is presented to effectively identify sparse predictors of each component. POCRE is computationally efficient owing to its sequential construction of leading sparse principal components. In addition, such construction offers other properties such as grouping highly correlated predictors and allowing for collinear or nearly collinear predictors. With multivariate responses, POCRE can construct common components and thus build up latent-variable models for large p small n data.


Polyharmonic approximation on the sphere

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to provide new error estimates for a popular type of SBF approximation on the sphere: approximating by linear combinations of Green's functions of polyharmonic differential operators. We show that the $L_p$ approximation order for this kind of approximation is $\sigma$ for functions having $L_p$ smoothness $\sigma$ (for $\sigma$ up to the order of the underlying differential operator, just as in univariate spline theory). This is an improvement over previous error estimates, which penalized the approximation order when measuring error in $L_p$, p>2 and held only in a restrictive setting when measuring error in $L_p$, p<2.


On a spherical code in the space of spherical harmonics

Abstract: In this short note we propose a new method for construction new nice arrangement on the sphere $S^d$ using the spaces of spherical harmonic.


On the discrete logarithm problem

Abstract: Let $p>2$ be prime and $g$ a primitive root modulo $p$. We present an argument for the fact that discrete logarithms of the numbers in any arithmetic progression are uniformly distributed in $[1,p]$ and raise some questions on the subject.


Conformal compactification of asymptotically locally hyperbolic metrics

Abstract: In this paper we study the extent to which conformally compact asymptotically hyperbolic metrics may be characterized intrinsically. Building on the work of the first author, we prove that decay of sectional curvature to -1 and decay of covariant derivatives of curvature outside an appropriate compact set yield H\"older regularity for a conformal compactification of the metric. In the Einstein case, we prove that the estimate on the sectional curvature implies the control of all covariant derivatives of the Weyl tensor, permitting us to strengthen our result.


The Occurrence-in-subtuple problem

Abstract: As we go along with a bioinformatic analysis we stumbled over a new combinatorial question. Although the problem is a very special one, there are maybe more applications than only this one we have. This text is mainly about the general combinatorial problem, the exact solution and its derivation. An outline of a real problem of this type is in the discussion.


A congruence problem for polyhedra

Abstract: It is well known that to determine a triangle up to congruence requires three measurements: three sides, two sides and the included angle, or one side and two angles. We consider various generalizations of this fact to two and three dimensions. In particular we consider the following question: given a convex polyhedron $P$, how many measurements are required to determine $P$ up to congruence? We show that in general the answer is that the number of measurements required is equal to the number of edges of the polyhedron. However, for many polyhedra fewer measurements suffice; in the case of the unit cube we show that nine carefully chosen measurements are enough. We also prove a number of analogous results for planar polygons. In particular we describe a variety of quadrilaterals, including all rhombi and all rectangles, that can be determined up to congruence with only four measurements, and we prove the existence of $n$-gons requiring only $n$ measurements. Finally, we show that one cannot do better: for any sequence of $n$ distinct points in the plane one needs at least $n$ measurements to determine it up to congruence.


An Analysis of the Effect of Ghost Force Oscillation on Quasicontinuum Error

Abstract: The atomistic to continuum interface for quasicontinuum energies exhibits nonzero forces under uniform strain that have been called ghost forces. In this paper, we prove for a linearization of a one-dimensional quasicontinuum energy around a uniform strain that the effect of the ghost forces on the displacement nearly cancels and has a small effect on the error away from the interface. We give optimal order error estimates that show that the quasicontinuum displacement converges to the atomistic displacement at the optimal rate O($h$) in the discrete $\ell^\infty$ norm and O($h^{1/p}$) in the $w^{1,p}$ norm for $1 \leq p < \infty.$ where $h$ is the interatomic spacing. We also give a proof that the error in the displacement gradient decays away from the interface to O($h$) at distance O($h|\log h|$) in the atomistic region and distance O($h$) in the continuum region. E, Ming, and Yang previously gave a counterexample to convergence in the $w^{1,\infty}$ norm for a harmonic interatomic potential. Our work gives an explicit and simplified form for the decay of the effect of the atomistic to continuum coupling error in terms of a general underlying interatomic potential and gives the estimates described above in the discrete $\ell^\infty$ and $w^{1,p}$ norms.


The resolvent kernel for PCF self-similar fractals

Abstract: For the Laplacian $\Delta$ defined on a p.c.f. self-similar fractal, we give an explicit formula for the resolvent kernel of the Laplacian with Dirichlet boundary conditions, and also with Neumann boundary conditions. That is, we construct a symmetric function $G^{(\lambda)}$ which solves $(\lambda \mathbb{I} - \Delta)^{-1} f(x) = \int G^{(\lambda)}(x,y) f(y) d\mu(y)$. The method is similar to Kigami's construction of the Green kernel in \cite[\S3.5]{Kig01} and is expressed as a sum of scaled and "translated" copies of a certain function $\psi^{(\lambda)}$ which may be considered as a fundamental solution of the resolvent equation. Examples of the explicit resolvent kernel formula are given for the unit interval, standard Sierpinski gasket, and the level-3 Sierpinski gasket $SG_3$.


New Permutation Representations of the Braid Group

Abstract: We give a new infinite family of group homomorphisms from the braid group B_k to the symmetric group S_{mk} for all k and m \geq 2. Most known permutation representations of braids are included in this family. We prove that the homomorphisms in this family are non-cyclic and transitive. For any divisor l of m, 1\leq l < m, we prove in particular that if \frac{m}{l} is odd then there are 1 + \frac{m}{l} non-conjugate homomorphisms included in our family. We define a certain natural restriction on homomorphisms B_k to S_n, common to all homomorphisms in our family, which we term 'good', and of which there are two types. We prove that all good homomorphisms B_k to S_{mk} of type 1 are included in the infinite family of homomorphisms we gave. For m=3, we prove that all good homomorphisms B_k to S_{3k} of type 2 are also included in this family. Finally, we refute a conjecture made by Matei and Suciu regarding permutation representations of braids and give an updated conjecture.


On the size of the set A(A+1)

Abstract: Let $F_p$ be the field of a prime order $p.$ For a subset $A\subset F_p$ we consider the product set $A(A+1).$ This set is an image of $A\times A$ under the polynomial mapping $f(x,y)=xy+x:F_p\times F_p\to F_p.$ In the present paper we show that if $|A|<p^{1/2},$ then $$ |A(A+1)|\ge |A|^{106/105+o(1)}.$$ If $|A|>p^{2/3},$ then we prove that $$|A(A+1)|\gg \sqrt{p |A|}$$ and show that this is the optimal in general settings bound up to the implied constant. We also estimate the cardinality of $A(A+1)$ when $A$ is a subset of real numbers. We show that in this case one has the Elekes type bound $$ |A(A+1)|\gg |A|^{5/4}. $$


An information-theoretic derivation of min-cut based clustering

Abstract: Min-cut clustering, based on minimizing one of two heuristic cost-functions proposed by Shi and Malik, has spawned tremendous research, both analytic and algorithmic, in the graph partitioning and image segmentation communities over the last decade. It is however unclear if these heuristics can be derived from a more general principle facilitating generalization to new problem settings. Motivated by an existing graph partitioning framework, we derive relationships between optimizing relevance information, as defined in the Information Bottleneck method, and the regularized cut in a K-partitioned graph. For fast mixing graphs, we show that the cost functions introduced by Shi and Malik can be well approximated as the rate of loss of predictive information about the location of random walkers on the graph. For graphs generated from a stochastic algorithm designed to model community structure, the optimal information theoretic partition and the optimal min-cut partition are shown to be the same with high probability.


On The Structure and Automorphism Group of Finite Alexander Quandles

Abstract: We prove that an Alexander quandle of prime order is generated by any pair of distinct elements. Furthermore, we prove for such a quandle that any ordered pair of distinct elements can be sent to any other such pair by an automorphism of the quandle.


An Analysis of Node-Based Cluster Summation Rules in the Quasicontinuum Method

Abstract: We investigate two examples of node-based cluster summation rules that have been proposed for the quasicontinuum method: a force-based approach (Knap & Ortiz, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 49, 2001), and an energy-based approach which is a generalization of the non-local quasicontinuum method (Eidel & Stukowski, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, to appear). We show that, even for the case of nearest neighbour interaction in a one-dimensional periodic chain, both of these approaches create large errors when used with graded and, more generally, non-smooth meshes. These errors cannot be removed by increasing the cluster size. We offer some suggestions how the accuracy of (cluster) summation rules may be improved.


Dynamics of quasiconformal fields

Abstract: A uniqueness theorem is established for autonomous systems of ODEs, $\dot{x}=f(x)$, where $f$ is a Sobolev vector field with additional geometric structure, such as delta-monoticity or reduced quasiconformality. Specifically, through every non-critical point of $f$ there passes a unique integral curve.


Global well-posedness for the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with an angular momentum rotational term

Abstract: In this paper, we establish the global well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with an rotational angular momentum term in the space $\Real^2$.


Global well-posedness for the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with an angular momentum rotational term in three dimensions

Abstract: In this paper, we establish the global well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with an angular momentum rotational term in which the angular velocity is equal to the isotropic trapping frequency in the space $\Real^3$.


Wellposedness of Cauchy problem for the Fourth Order Nonlinear Schr\"odinger Equations in Multi-dimensional Spaces

Abstract: We study the wellposedness of Cauchy problem for the fourth order nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations i\partial_t u=-\eps\Delta u+\Delta^2 u+P((\partial_x^\alpha u)_{\abs{\alpha}\ls 2}, (\partial_x^\alpha \bar{u})_{\abs{\alpha}\ls 2}),\quad t\in \Real, x\in\Real^n, where $\eps\in\{-1,0,1\}$, $n\gs 2$ denotes the spatial dimension and $P(\cdot)$ is a polynomial excluding constant and linear terms.


Well-posedness for one-dimensional derivative nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations

Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the one-dimensional derivative nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations of the form $iu_t-u_{xx}+i\lambda\abs{u}^k u_x=0$ with non-zero $\lambda\in \Real$ and any real number $k\gs 5$. We establish the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem with any initial data in $H^{1/2}$ by using the gauge transformation and the Littlewood-Paley decomposition.


Lowering topological entropy over subsets

Abstract: Let $(X, T)$ be a topological dynamical system (TDS), and $h (T, K)$ the topological entropy of a subset $K$ of $X$. $(X, T)$ is {\it lowerable} if for each $0\le h\le h (T, X)$ there is a non-empty compact subset with entropy $h$; is {\it hereditarily lowerable} if each non-empty compact subset is lowerable; is {\it hereditarily uniformly lowerable} if for each non-empty compact subset $K$ and each $0\le h\le h (T, K)$ there is a non-empty compact subset $K_h\subseteq K$ with $h (T, K_h)= h$ and $K_h$ has at most one limit point. It is shown that each TDS with finite entropy is lowerable, and that a TDS $(X, T)$ is hereditarily uniformly lowerable if and only if it is asymptotically $h$-expansive.


A non-smooth continuous unitary representation of a Banach-Lie group

Abstract: In this note we show that the representation of the additive group of the Hilbert space $L^2([0,1],\R)$ on $L^2([0,1],\C)$ given by the multiplication operators $\pi(f) := e^{if}$ is continuous but its space of smooth vectors is trivial. This example shows that a continuous unitary representation of an infinite dimensional Lie group need not be smooth.


The conditional convergence of the Dirichlet series of an L-function

Abstract: The Dirichlet divisor problem is used as a model to give a conjecture concerning the conditional convergence of the Dirichlet series of an L-function.


On the Webster scalar curvature problem on the CR sphere with a cylindrical-type symmetry

Abstract: By variational methods, for a kind of Webster scalar curvature problems on the CR sphere with cylindrically symmetric curvature, we construct some multi-peak solutions as the parameter is sufficiently small under certain assumptions. We also obtain the asymptotic behaviors of the solutions.


Vanishing theorem for the cohomology of line bundles on Bott-Samelson varieties

Abstract: We use the toric degeneration of Bott-Samelson varieties and the description of cohomolgy of line bundles on toric varieties to deduce vanishings results for the cohomology of lines bundles on Bott-Samelson varieties.


On Self-mapping Degrees of $S^3$-geometry manifolds

Abstract: In this paper we determined all of the possible self mapping degrees of the manifolds with $S^3$-geometry, which are supposed to be all 3-manifolds with finite fundamental groups. This is a part of a project to determine all possible self mapping degrees of all closed orientable 3-manifold in Thurston's picture.


Asymptotic behavior of solutions of the fragmentation equation with shattering: An approach via self-similar Markov processes

Abstract: The subject of this paper is a fragmentation equation with nonconservative solutions, some mass being lost to a dust of zero-mass particles as a consequence of an intensive splitting. Under some assumptions of regular variation on the fragmentation rate, we describe the large time behavior of solutions. Our approach is based on probabilistic tools: the solutions to the fragmentation equation are constructed via nonincreasing self-similar Markov processes that continuously reach 0 in finite time. Our main probabilistic result describes the asymptotic behavior of these processes conditioned on nonextinction and is then used for the solutions to the fragmentation equation. We note that two parameters significantly influence these large time behaviors: the rate of formation of "nearly-1 relative masses" (this rate is related to the behavior near 0 of the L\'evy measure associated with the corresponding self-similar Markov process) and the distribution of large initial particles. Correctly rescaled, the solutions then converge to a nontrivial limit which is related to the quasi-stationary solutions of the equation. Besides, these quasi-stationary solutions, or, equivalently, the quasi-stationary distributions of the self-similar Markov processes, are fully described.


Openly factorizable spaces and compact extensions of topological semigroups

Abstract: We prove that the semigroup operation of a topological semigroup $S$ extends to a continuous semigroup operation on its the Stone-\v{C}ech compactification $\beta S$ provided $S$ is a pseudocompact openly factorizable space, which means that each map $f:S\to Y$ to a second countable space $Y$ can be written as the composition $f=g\circ p$ of an open map $p:X\to Z$ onto a second countable space $Z$ and a map $g:Z\to Y$. We present a spectral characterization of openly factorizable spaces and establish some properties of such spaces.


A Quotient Restriction Theorem for actions of real reductive groups

Abstract: We prove a version of the Chevalley Restriction Theorem for the action of a real reductive group G on a topological space X which locally embeds into a holomorphic representation. Assuming that there exists an appropriate quotient X//G for the G-action, we introduce a stratification which is defined with respect to orbit types of closed orbits. Our main result is a description of the quotient X//G in terms of quotients by normalizer subgroups associated to the stratification.


On the Complexity and Volume of Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds

Abstract: We compare the volume of a hyperbolic 3-manifold $M$ of finite volume and the complexity of its fundamental group.